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The Mirage 2000 is a French-built multirole
fighter jet manufactured by Dassault Aviation.
Development and history
The Mirage 2000 was developed by Dassault-Breguet
for the Armée de l'Air as an alternative to the
swing-wing Avion de Combat Futur. After the latter
was cancelled in 1975 due to its growing cost and
complexity, Dassault offered the Mirage 2000 as an
alternative. Development of this aircraft would
also give the company a competitor to the General
Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, which had defeated
the Dassault Mirage F1 in a contest for a new
fighter for the air forces of Belgium, Denmark,
Netherlands and Norway.
The prototype made its first flight in March 10,
1978 with test pilot Jean Coreau at the controls.
The first production example flew in November 20,
1982 and the aircraft went into operational
service in 1984.
Characteristics
Using the concept of the delta wing interceptor
seen on the Dassault Mirage III, Dassault built a
new design but still using a delta wing. This
configuration is not ideal with regard to
maneuverability, low-altitude flight, and distance
required for take-off and landing, but has
advantages in high-speed flight characteristics,
simplicity of construction, low radar signature
and internal volume.
Design features
French Mirage 2000C fully armed.
French Mirage 2000C fully armed.
* Low-set thin delta wing with cambered
section, 58 degrees leading-edge sweep and
moderately blended root; area-ruled; capable of
carrying four air-to-air missiles.
* The aircraft's center of lift was moved in
front of its center of gravity, giving the fighter
a degree of instability that enhances
maneuverability.
* A runway arresting hook or fairing for a
brake parachute can be fitted under the tail. The
landing roll was reduced by robust carbon brakes.
The backward-retracting, steerable nose gear
features dual wheels, while the main gear features
single wheels and retracts inward into the wings.
* An airbrake is fitted on top of each wing in
an arrangement very similar to that of the Mirage
III. A noticeably taller tailfin allows the pilot
to retain control at higher angles of attack,
assisted by small strakes mounted along each air
intake.
* First fighter jet with negative static
stability.
Structure
Multi-spar metal wing; elevons have carbon-fiber
skins with AG5 light alloy honeycomb cores;
carbon-fiber/light alloy honeycomb panel covers
avionics bay; most of the tailfin and all of the
rudder are skinned with boron/epoxy/carbon; the
rudder has a light alloy honeycomb core.
Dassault Mirage 2000C at Paris Air Show 2007
Dassault Mirage 2000C at Paris Air Show 2007
and easier handling.
Landing gear
The aircraft uses a retractable tricycle type
landing gear by Messier-Bugatti, with twin
nosewheels and a single wheel on each main gear.
Hydraulic retraction, nosewheels rearward, main
units inward. Oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers.
Electrohydraulic nosewheel steering (+/-45
degrees). Manual disconnect permits nosewheel unit
to caster through 360 degrees for ground towing].
Cockpit
The fighter is available as a single-seat or
two-seat multi-role fighter. The aircraft has
hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) control. The
pilot sits on a SEMB Mark 10 zero-zero ejection
seat, a license-built version of the British
Martin-Baker Mark 10.
The instrument panel is dominated by a Heads Up
Display (HUD) with the VMC 180 radar screen
located centrally below it. To the lower left is a
stores management panel. Above the stores
management panel are the navigation instruments
and altimeter. The right half of the instrument
panel houses the engine and systems displays.
Located on the left side of the cockpit, just
ahead of the throttle, are controls for the
communications equipment, including the Have Quick
secure radio.
Avionics
Standard avionics for the Mirage-2000B/C include:
* Sagem ULISS 52 inertial navigation system
(INS), TRT radio altimeter.
* Sextant TMV-980 data display system (VE-130
head-up and VMC-180 head-down) (two head-down in
2000N/D). The combined head-up/head-level display
is collimated at infinity, and presents data
relating to flight control, navigation, target
engagement and weapon firing. Sensor and system
management data is presented on two colored
lateral displays.
* Dassault Electronique Type 2084 central
digital computer, Digibus digital databus (2084 XR
in 2000D) and Sextant Avionique Type 90 air data
computer.
* LMT NRAI-7A IFF transponder, IO-300-A marker
beacon receiver, TRT ERA 7000 V/UHF com
transceiver, TRT ERA 7200 UHF or EAS secure voice
communications.
Radar
* Thomson-CSF RDM multi-mode radar or Dassault
Electronique/Thomson-CSF RDI pulse-Doppler radar
for Mirage 2000C/D, each with operating range of
54 nm (100 km / 62 miles).
* Dassault/Thales Antilope 5 Radar with
terrain avoidance capability for Mirage 2000N
Nuclear Strike variant.
* The Thales multimode RDY (Radar Doppler
Multitarget) developed for Mirage 2000-5.
Countermeasures
* Thales Serval Radar warning receiver (RWR)
with antennas on the wingtips and on the rear of
the top of the tailfin.
* Dassault Sabre RF jammer in a pod below the
bottom of the tailfin, with an antenna in a
fairing on the front of the tailfin.
* Dassault Eclair dispenser system under the
tail. This was eventually replaced by a pair of
Matra Spirale dispensers, one fitted on an
extension behind the rear of each wingroot, giving
a total capacity of 224 cartridges.
Engines
Mirage 2000 taking off with full afterburner.
Mirage 2000 taking off with full afterburner.
The Mirage 2000 is equipped with a SNECMA M53-5 or
SNECMA M53-P2 turbofan engine according to the
different Mirage 2000 versions, which provides 64
kN of thrust dry and 98 kN in afterburner. The air
intakes are fitted with an adjustable
half-cone-shaped centerbody, which provides an
inclined shock of air pressure for highly
efficient air intake. Total internal fuel capacity
is 3978 liters in Mirage 2000C and E, and 3904
liters in Mirage 2000B, N, D and S. There are also
provisions for a jettisonable 1300-liter
centerline fuselage fuel tank and for a 1700-litre
drop tank under each wing.
Armament and payload
The Mirage 2000 can carry up to 6.3 tons (13,900
lb) of stores on nine pylons, with two pylons on
each wing and five under the fuselage. A fixed
removable refuelling probe can be attached in
front of the cockpit, offset slightly to the right
of center.
Primary armament of the Mirage 2000 includes:
* Matra Super 530 medium-range semi-active
radar-guided air-to-air missile on the inboard
wing pylons.
* Matra Magic short-range infrared-seeking AAM
on the outboard wing pylons.
* The Mirage 2000C can carry air-to-ground
stores such as the Matra 68 mm rocket pods, iron
bombs, and cluster bombs.
Built-in armament consisted of twin DEFA 554 (now
GIAT 30-550 F4) 30 mm revolver-type cannons with
125 rounds each. The cannons have selectable fire
rates of 1,200 or 1,800 rounds per minute.
Variants
Mirage 2000C
French Mirage 2000C
French Mirage 2000C
The first Mirage 2000 to go into service was the
single-seat Mirage 2000C interceptor. There were
four single-seat prototypes, including the initial
Mirage 2000 prototype. The first production Mirage
2000C flew in November 1982. Deliveries began in
1983. The first operational squadron was formed in
1984, the 50th anniversary of the French Air
Force. A total of 124 Mirage-2000Cs were obtained
by the AdA.
The first 37 Mirage 2000Cs delivered were fitted
with the Thomson-CSF RDM (Radar Doppler
Multifunction) and were powered by the SNECMA
M53-5 turbofan engine. The 38th Mirage 2000C had
an upgraded SNECMA M53-5 P2 turbofan engine. The
Radar Doppler Impulse (RDI) built by Thales did
not enter service until 1987.
Latest upgrades include:
* Non-Cooperative Target Recognition (NTCR)
mode in RDI Radar allows identification of
airborne targets not responding on IFF.
* Integration with the new Matra MICA (Missile
d'Interception, de Combat et d'Autodefense) IR
heat-seeking missile. The radar-guided version of
the MICA will not be able to support earlier
versions of the Mirage 2000.
Mirage 2000B
Mirage 2000B nose close up.
Mirage 2000B nose close up.
The Mirage 2000B is two-seat operational
conversion trainer variant which performed its
initial flight on October 11, 1980. The AdA
acquired 30 Mirage 2000Bs, with all three of the
AdA fighter wings obtaining a few each for
conversion training.
Mirage 2000N and 2000D
Main article: Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D
The Mirage 2000N is the nuclear strike variant
which was intended to carry the Aerospatiale
Air-Sol Moyenne Portee (ASMP) nuclear stand-off
missile. Initial flight tests of two prototypes
began on February 3, 1983, and the Mirage 2000N
entered operational service in 1988. A total of 75
were built.
The Mirage 2000D is a dedicated conventional
attack variant developed from the Mirage 2000N.
Initial flight of the Mirage 2000D prototype, a
modified Mirage 2000N prototype, was on February
19, 1991. The first flight of a production
aircraft occurred March 31, 1993, and service
introduction followed in April 1995. A total of 86
were built.
Mirage 2000-5
By the late 1980s, the Mirage 2000 was beginning
to age compared with the latest models of U.S.
F-16 fighters, so Thomson-CSF began work on a
privately funded update of the Mirage 2000C which
was to be named the Mirage 2000-5. A two-seat
Mirage 2000B prototype was extensively modified as
the first Mirage 2000-5 prototype, and it first
flew on October 24, 1990. A Mirage 2000C prototype
was then reworked to a similar standard, making
its initial flight on April 27, 1991.
Features:
* The Thales multimode RDY (Radar Doppler
Multitarget). The RDY radar is the heart of the
upgrade, providing true multitarget tracking. It
can simultaneously detect up to 24 targets and
track the eight highest-priority threats while
guiding four MICA EMs to different targets
simultaneously.
* The updated ICMS 2 countermeasures suite and
the Samir DDM missile warning system. ICMS 2
incorporates a receiver and associated signal
processing system in the nose for detection of
hostile missile command data links. The aircraft's
self-protection equipment can be interfaced to a
new programmable mission-planning and post-mission
analysis ground system.
* A new glass cockpit layout borrowed from the
Rafale program with three-color MFDs, a
dual-linked wide-angle HUD / head-level display,
and HOTAS controls. The cockpit is NVG-compatible.
* Targeting systems included the Thales TV/CT
CLDP laser designation pod which provides the
capability to fire laser-guided weapons by day and
night.
* A two-seater version was developed as well.
The back-seater has the HUD but not the associated
head-level display, and as with first-generation
two-seaters, there are no built-in cannon
(although cannon pods can be carried).
* The Mirage 2000-5 can also carry the
oversized drop tanks developed for the Mirage
2000N, greatly extending its range.
In 1993, the AdA decided to upgrade 37 of their
existing Mirage 2000s to the 2000-5 specification
as a stopgap before the arrival of the Rafale in
AdA service. The upgraded aircraft were
redesignated Mirage 2000-5F, and became
operational in 2000. They retained the old
countermeasures system with the
Serval/Sabre/Spirale units and did not receive the
ICMS 2 system.
The AdA is now considering upgrades for the type,
including the MIDS datalink, MICA IR support, and
the Thales Topsight helmet-mounted display /
sighting system.
Mirage 2000-5 Mark 2
Dassault extended the improvements of the Mirage
2000-5 a bit further with the Mirage 2000-5 Mark
2, which is an enhanced, fully multirole version
of the Mirage 2000-5. It is currently the most
advanced version of the Mirage 2000.
Features:
* Thales RDY-2 radar. The RDY-2 radar is
similar in configuration to the original RDY, but
features two new air-to-ground modes, including a
high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
imaging mode with a moving target indicator (MTI)
capability to provide an all-weather, day/night
targeting capability. The radar features
low-probability-of-intercept (LPI) operation, with
the output pattern varying in a seemingly random
pattern that prevents an adversary RWR from
recognizing that it has been targeted.
* The high-power Modular Data Processing Unit
(MDPU) designed for the Rafale.
* A new Thales Totem 3000 INS with ring-laser
gyros and GPS capability, providing much greater
accuracy, higher reliability, and shorter
alignment time replaces the older ULISS 52 system.
It works in conjunction with a terrain-following
system.
* An improved, classified ICMS 3 digital
countermeasures suite.
* An on-board oxygen generation system
(OBOGS).
* The cockpit was updated as well, retaining
the same general layout but with larger color
displays and other modernizations. The Thales
Topsight helmet-mounted display / sighting system
is offered as an option.
* The Mirage 2000-5 Mark 2 includes a datalink
for the targeting of MICA ER missiles and can
carry the Damocles targeting pod.
* Future Upgrades: Thales AIDA visual
identification pod; technology used in the Rafale
will be also integrated into the Mirage 2000,
including infrared and optical sensors for IFF and
targeting. It will be used by AdA Mirage 2000-5Fs.
Further development of the second-generation type
is expected to include a GPS receiver, MIDS
datalink, and unspecified long-range sensors.
Topsight E helmet-mounted sight
Topsight E displays critical information, protects
the pilot, and provides communications. In the
display of critical information, Topsight E has
three main functions:
* Visual target designation by transmitting
the target's line of sight to the nav/attack
system. Used with modern missiles, Topsight allows
pilots to perform wide off-boresight target
designation.
* Visual target acquisition using reverse
cueing mode where the display symbology guides the
pilot's eyes to the target tracked by the aircraft
sensors. The nav/attack system provides spatial
data.
* Situational awareness based on concise
display of vital information (tactical,
navigation, safety, etc.).
Topsight E has four integrated operational modes:
* Navigation is based on ring laser gyro INS
with embedded GPS receiver.
* Air-to-air weapon delivery includes guns,
rockets and high- and low-drag bombs, using
continuous computation of impact point (CCIP) and
continuous computation of release point (CCRP).
* Training includes failure simulations, as
well as target and threat simulations.
* The Topflight avionics suite features a full
glass cockpit and HOTAS control, plus a range of
avionics, linked to a 1553 multiplex bus.
Mirage 2000E
"Mirage 2000E" was a blanket designation for a
series of export variants of the Mirage 2000.
These aircraft were fitted the M53-P2 engine and
an enhanced "RDM+" radar, and all can carry the
day-only ATLIS II laser targeting pod.
Mirage 2000M (Egypt)
Egypt was the first foreign buyer, ordering 16
single-seat Mirage 2000M and four Mirage 2000BM
trainers in late 1981, with deliveries beginning
in 1986. The Egyptians also purchased ATLIS II
pods and a wide range of appropriate munitions,
including Magic and Super 530 AAMs, AS-30L
laser-guided ASMs, and Armat anti-radiation
missiles.
Mirage 2000H (India)
Indian Air Force Mirage 2000H.
Indian Air Force Mirage 2000H.
India is a major user of the Mirage 2000, having
acquired a total of 49 examples, including 42
single-seaters and 7 Mirage two-seaters. The IAF
named the Mirage Vajra (Thunderbolt). India also
purchased appropriate stores along with the
fighters, including ATLIS II pods and laser-guided
weapons.
* Since India wanted the fighter quickly, the
first part of an initial batch of 26
single-seaters and 4 two-seaters was shipped to
the Indian Air Force (IAF) beginning in 1985 with
the older M53-5 engines. These aircraft were given
the designations of Mirage 2000H5 and Mirage
2000TH5.
* The second part of this initial batch
consisted of 10 more single-seaters with the
M53-P2 engine, with these aircraft designated
Mirage 2000H. All the first batch was reengined
with the M53-P2, with the single-seaters
re-designated "Mirage 2000H" and the two-seaters
re-designated Mirage 2000TH.
* A second batch of six Mirage 2000H
single-seaters and three Mirage 2000TH two-seaters
was shipped in 1987-1988.
Recent orders:
* In 2004, the Indian government approved
purchase of ten more Mirage 2000Hs, with these
machines featuring improved avionics, particularly
an upgraded RDM-7 radar.
* The Mirage 2000-5 was the front-runner for a
planned Indian Air Force 124+ fighter procurement
in which it was competing with the Mikoyan MiG-35,
F-16 Falcon and JAS 39 Gripen. However, Dassault
announced that Mirage 2000 will be replaced by the
Rafale as the contender for the deal since the
Mirage 2000 production line is to be closed.
* India has announced a $1.9 billion program
to arm 52 of its Mirage 2000 aircraft with the
MBDA ASRAAM dogfighting missile beginning in 2007.
Installation will require new radar, electronic
warfare equipment, and updates to the cockpit and
data bus. Pilot helmets will require addition of a
helmet-mounted sight. These will be the first
Mirage aircraft to carry the British missile and
Dassault, Thales, and MBDA are to participate in
the effort
Mirage 2000P (Peru)
Peru placed an order for 10 single-seat Mirage
2000Ps and 2 Mirage 2000DP trainers. The Peruvians
ordered a set of munitions similar to that ordered
by Egypt, along with ATLIS II targeting pods.
Mirage 2000-5EI (Taiwan)
ASTAC pod
ASTAC pod
In 1992, the Republic of China Air Force ordered
48 single-seat Mirage 2000-5EI interceptors and 12
Mirage 2000-5DI trainers, with introduction of the
first squadron in 1997 and the last fighters
delivered in 1999. The Taiwanese ordered a set of
ASTAC electronic intelligence (ELINT) pods for
their Mirages.
* France announced in 1992 that it would offer
Dassault Mirage 2000-5 fighters to Taiwan. The
number of aircraft considered had been rumored to
be 120, but the deal was finalized as 60 aircraft
(48 single-seat 2000-5EIs and 12 two-seat
2000-5DIs) on November 17 of the same year. This
marks the first ROCAF purchase of French fighters
since the arrival of 24 Dewoitine D.510C
piston-engine monoplanes in 1937. The program was
given the codename "Fei Lung" (Flying Dragon).
* The ROCAF also obtained 960 MICA
medium-range and 480 Magic II short-range
air-to-air missiles from Matra. The former
provides the Mirage with the BVR capability needed
for its role as front-line interceptor. A number
of centerline twin gun pods with DEFA 554 cannons
were also acquired and fitted on the two-seaters,
as they do not have an internal gun armament.
Other support equipment, such as auxiliary fuel
tanks, helmets, and G-suits, have also been
procured.
* The first batch of ROCAF Mirage 2000-5s,
consisting of five aircraft, arrived at Hualien
Harbor on the east coast of Taiwan by sea on
1997-05-06. After being unloaded, they were towed
to Hualien AB, where they were unpacked and
checked, and then flown to Hsinchu AB. Subsequent
deliveries also followed the same procedure. The
last ROCAF Mirage 2000-5 was delivered in an
official ceremony on 1998-11-26.
All Mirage 2000-5s are operated by the 499th TFW
at Hsinchu. The first unit to convert to the type,
the 41st TFS, was commissioned on 1997-12-01.
Subsequently the 42nd TFS was commissioned on
1998-11-26. The 499th TFW achieved the IOC
(Initial Operational Capability) status on
2001-05-10, and the 48th TFS was commissioned on
the same day.
On 2004-11-01, the 41st and 42nd TFSs were
upgraded to the TFG status, while the 48th TFS
became the 48th Training Group, in the largest
restructure undertaken by the ROCAF since 1999. At
the same time, the original 11th TFG went into
history. Each of the new TFG/TG is commanded by a
Colonel, but the number of aircraft assigned is
not much different from that for a Squadron.
Although their official English designation is
Tactical Fighter Group, the Chinese designation
literally means Operations Group.
Weapon Testing & Exercises
* On 1998-05-08, a two-seat DI fired one MICA
missile and successfully hit a target drone 67 km
away. It was the first launch of the said missile
outside France. The second MICA live-firing
exercise took place off the east coast of Taiwan
on 2000-03-29, in which 2051 (right side image)
fired a single MICA missile from its left inner
pylon.
* On 2004-07-21, two Mirage 2000-5s from the
2nd TFW landed on the wartime reserve runway
located at the Jenteh section of Highway No. 1 as
part of the annual Han Kuang No. 20 Exercise.
Mirage 2000-5DI 2051, piloted by Maj. Wei-Kuang
Chang and Lt. Col. Juei-Chi Duan, and 2054,
piloted by Lt. Col. Bin-Fu Wu and Capt. Jien-Liang
Chen, took off from their home base Hsinchu Air
Base at 0540 hrs. 2051 landed on the highway at
0620 hrs, followed by 2054 at 0622 hrs. The two
jets then taxied to the other end of the reserve
runway to be refueled and re-armed with two Magic
air-to-air missiles, respectively. At 0712 hrs,
2051 took off again and 2054 followed one minute
later. Both landed at Hsinchu at 0736 hrs.
Mirage 2000-5EDA (Qatar)
In 1994, Qatar ordered nine single-seat Mirage
2000-5EDAs and three Mirage 2000-5DDA trainers,
with initial deliveries starting in 1997.
Mirage 2000EAD/RAD (UAE)
In 1983, the UAE purchased 22 single-seat Mirage
2000EADs, 8 unique single-seat Mirage 2000RAD
reconnaissance variants, and 6 Mirage 2000DAD
trainers, for a total order of 36 machines. The
order specified an Italian-made defensive avionics
suite that delayed delivery of the first of these
aircraft until 1989.
* The Mirage 2000RAD reconnaissance variant
does not have any built-in cameras or sensors, and
the aircraft can still be operated in air combat
or strike roles. The reconnaissance systems are
implemented in pods, including the Thales "SLAR
2000" radar pod, Dassault "COR2" multi-camera pod
with visible and infrared imaging capability, and
the Dassault "AA-3-38 HAROLD" telescopic
long-range optical camera pod. The UAE is the only
nation operating such a specialized reconnaissance
variant of the Mirage 2000 at this time.
Mirage 2000-9
Mirage 2000-9 is the export variant of Mirage
2000-5 Mk.2.
* The UAE was the launch customer, ordering 32
new-build aircraft, comprising 20 Mirage 2000-9
single-seaters and 12 Mirage 2000-9D two-seaters.
Initial deliveries of the UAE Mirages began in the
spring of 2003. A further 30 of Abu Dhabi's older
Mirage 2000s will also be upgraded to Mirage
2000-9 standard.
* The UAE's Mirage 2000-9s are well-equipped
for the strike mission, since they are being
provided with the Shehab laser targeting pod (a
variant of the Damocles) and the Nahar navigation
pod, complementing the air-to-ground modes of the
RDY-2 radar. They are also equipped with a
classified countermeasures system designated
"IMEWS", which is comparable to the ICMS 3. The
UAE is also obtaining the "Black Shahin" cruise
missile, which is basically a variant of the MBDA
Apache cruise missile similar to Storm Shadow.
Mirage 2000EG (Greece)
Greek Mirage 2000EG climbing.
Greek Mirage 2000EG climbing.
Beginning in March 1985, the Greeks ordered 36
single-seat Mirage 2000EGs and 4 Mirage 2000BG
two-seat trainers.
* They feature an ICMS 1 defensive
countermeasures suite, which is an updated version
of the standard Mirage 2000C countermeasures suite
and is characterized by two small antennas near
the top of the tailfin. These Mirage 2000s were
later modified in the field to carry the
Aerospatiale AM39 Exocet anti-ship missile.
* In 2000, Greece ordered a batch of 25 Mirage
2000-5 Mk.2 fighters, which feature the SATURN
secure radio. The order included 15 new-build
aircraft and 10 upgrades of existing Greek Mirage
2000EGs. Apparently the Greek order does not
include any upgrades of two-seaters.
Mirage 2000BR (Brazil)
Dassault competed for a Brazilian deal with the
Mirage 2000BR, another variant of the Mirage
2000-9. Due to Brazilian budget problems, the
competition has dragged on for years until it was
suspended in February 2005.
* In July 2005, however, Brazil agreed to
purchase 12 ex-AdA Mirage 2000C aircraft.
* First two Mirage 2000C and Mirage 2000B
delivered to Brazilian Air Force(FAB) on September
4th 2006 . Aircraft were delivered to 1º GDA in
Anápolis, Goiás to replace Mirage IIIEBR/DBR.
Aircraft will be named F-2000 in FAB service.
Info from wiki
Tags : haf hellas greece hellenic air force iaf usaf tuaf dassault mirage rafale f-1 f1 2000 aegean dogfight f-16 viper |
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